Research Aim:

Explore the effects of violence in video games on the indicators of flight or fight response and aggression in children.

Analysis Strategy

The data dataset contained information on 600 participants between the ages of 18-25 who took part in a study where they played unreleased first person shooter. The participant played as one of two character conditions, either as a cartoon character \((n = 300)\) or a life-like person \((n = 300)\). Then played via one of three playing conditions - either using a vr \((n = 200)\), console \((n = 200)\) or tablet \((n = 200)\). The participants then were tested on their stress levels (difference in cortisol before and after the game session), Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ) (sum of 29 items scored on a 1-7 Likert scale) and self-reported Short Dark Triad(SD3) scales of Machiavellianism (M)(mean of the 9 items within the subscale), Narcissism (N)(mean of the 9 items within the subscale) and Psychopathy (P)(mean of the 9 items within the subscale).To account for AGQ and SD3 (M, N, P) standardised z-scores in our data. All participant data was complete (no missing values), with all values within possible ranges. Effects were considered statistically significant at \(\alpha = .05\).

The aim of this report will be to explore two research questions:

  1. Do the differences in game-induced-stress between player character conditions depend on the playing condition?

  2. Does the difference in game-induced-stress between player character conditions differ between those playing in non-immersive and immersive conditions?

To address RQ1 the following multiple regression model was used. In addition we will contrast weight for analysis:

Where:

\[\begin{align} \text{Game Induced Stress} &= \beta_0 \\ &+ \beta_1 \cdot \text{AGQ}_\text{z} \\ &+ \beta_2 \cdot \text{M}_\text{z} \\ &+ \beta_3 \cdot \text{N}_\text{z} \\ &+ \beta_4 \cdot \text{P}_\text{z} \\ &+ \beta_5 \cdot \text{Condition}_\text{Tablet} \\ &+ \beta_6 \cdot \text{Condition}_\text{Console} \\ &+ \beta_7 \cdot \text{Character}_\text{Person} \\ &+ \beta_8 \cdotp (\text{Condition}_{Tablet}\cdot \text{Character}_{Person}) \\ &+ \beta_9 \cdotp (\text{Condition}_{Console}\cdot \text{Character}_{Person}) \\ &+ \epsilon \end{align}\]

\[\begin{align} \text{ AGQ = Aggression Questionnaire \\ Z = Z-scored (standardised) \\ M = Machiavellianism score on SD3 \\ N = Narcissism score on SD3 \\ P = Psychopathy score on SD3 \\} \end{align}\]

We used dummy coding for Character (where ‘Cartoon’ was set as the reference group) and Condition (where ‘vr’ was set as the reference group): \[ \begin{equation} \text{Character}_{Person}=\begin{cases} 1 = \text{if character is life-like}\\ 0 = \text{if character is cartoon/otherwise} \\ \end{cases} \end{equation} \]

\[ \begin{equation} \text{Condition}_{Tablet}=\begin{cases} 1 = \text{if playing style is on a tablet}\\ 0 = \text{if playing style is otherwise} \\ \end{cases} \end{equation} \] \[ \begin{equation} \text{Condition}_{Console}=\begin{cases} 1 = \text{if playing style is on a console}\\ 0 = \text{if playing style is otherwise} \\ \end{cases} \end{equation} \]

We tested whether there was a significant interaction between character condition and playing condition:

\[ H_0: \text{All }\beta_j = 0\text{ (for j = 8,9)}\\ H_1: \text{At least one }\beta_j \neq 0\text{ (for j = 8,9)}\\ \]

To address RQ2 and explore if there are pairwise differences and determine which conditions significantly differed from each other, we will conduct a series of immersive grouped pairwise comparisons. Since we are interested in all pairwise comparisons of means, we will apply a Tukey correction. The following multiple regression model was used:

\[\begin{align} \text{Game Induced Stress} &= \beta_0 \\ &+ \beta_1 \cdot \text{AGQ}_\text{z} \\ &+ \beta_2 \cdot \text{M}_\text{z} \\ &+ \beta_3 \cdot \text{N}_\text{z} \\ &+ \beta_4 \cdot \text{P}_\text{z} \\ &+ \beta_5 \cdot \text{Character}_\text{Person} \\ &+ \beta_6 \cdot \text{Condition}_\text{Immersive} \\ &+ \beta_7 \cdotp (\text{Character}_{Person}\cdot \text{Condition}_{Immersive} ) \\ &+ \epsilon \end{align}\]

We used dummy coding for Character (where ‘Cartoon’ was set as the reference group) and Condition (where ‘Non immermive’ was set as the reference group):

\[ \begin{equation} \text{Character}_{Person}=\begin{cases} 1 = \text{if character is person-like}\\ 0 = \text{if character is cartoon} \\ \end{cases} \end{equation} \]

\[ \begin{equation} \text{Condition}_{Immersive}=\begin{cases} 1 = \text{if playing style uses vr}\\ 0 = \text{if playing style is on a tablet or console} \\ \end{cases} \end{equation} \]

we tested whether there was a significant interaction between character condition and immersion:

\[ H_0: \beta_7 = 0\\ H_1: \beta_7 \neq 0\\ \] We assumed normality as all assumption violations were assessed for linearity using QQ-Residuals plot, but also normal Residuals vs. Fitted, Scale location of \(\sqrt {Residuals}\), and Constant Leverage: Residuals vs. Factor levels. Verifying our linear model has categorical predictor variables. Equal variances was assessed via partial residual plots (residuals should be evenly spread across the range of fitted values, where the spread should be constant across the range of fitted values), and normality was assessed via a qqplot of the residuals (points should follow along the diagonal line). Also using the high leverage diagnostics test , there were 12 observations that had high leverage \((>2\overline{h})\). Using a Cooks Distance Cutoff we found that there were 36 observations that had high influence on our model estimates.

We fit the model above and analyzed the descriptive data statistics, particularly of interest are Means, Standard Deviations and Standard Errors of the stress levels grouped according to condition.

RQ1 Results

Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of Gaming Stress
condition character Mean SD SE Min Max
vr cartoon 7.15 6.69 0.67 -9.77 22.30
vr person 5.10 6.49 0.65 -11.33 20.08
tablet cartoon 4.02 7.08 0.71 -15.84 25.46
tablet person -1.47 6.27 0.63 -14.24 14.92
console cartoon 4.24 7.25 0.73 -10.89 21.77
console person -0.44 6.08 0.61 -13.42 12.78

Plotted visualization of the interaction between condition and character, identifies the differences in stress scores depending on cartoon and person as opposed to the controls.

Our \(\beta\) estimates are identified by the fitted model: The Playing Condition on a VR as a cartoon-Character has a high, significant effect on a participant’s game induced stress (\(\beta_0 = 7.15, SE = .67, t(590) = 10.74\)).Aggression questionnaire scores had high significant effects on a nonimmersive cartoon game’s induced stress to account for AGQ (\(\beta_1 = 7.30, SE = .05, t(592)= 139.96,p<.001\)).Machiavellian scores had low significant effects on a nonimmersive cartoon game’s induced stress(\(\beta_2 = .25, SE=.06 ,t(592)=4.44,p<.001\)).Narcissism scores had no significant effect on a nonimmersive cartoons game’s induced stress(\(\beta_3= .002, SE = .05, t(592)=-.06,p = .95\)).Psychopathy scores had a small effect determined to be insignificant to a non-immersive cartoon game’s induced stress(\(\beta_4 = .06,SE=.05,t(592)=1.19\)). After accounting for AGQ and SD3 scores, our predictors’ simple effects are estimated: An insignificant, weak, association of stress is shown while playing a vr, person-Character game compared to a cartoon-character game (\(\beta_7 = 4.28, SE = .65, t(590)=-2.18, p =.029\)).The Playing Condition being on a console instead of a tablet while with a cartoon-character has a significant effect on a person-character’s game induced stress (\(\beta_5 = -3.33, SE = .61, t(590) = -3.10, p = .002\)). The Playing Condition being on a tablet instead of a console has a strong significant effect on a person-character’s game induced stress (\(\beta_6 = -3.22, SE = .63, t(590) = -3.22, p < .001\)) And interaction effects are estimated after accounting for AGQ and SD3 scores: The person-character player on a console, has a lower association and has not been found to significantly differ game induced stress compared to controls (\(\beta_8 = -2.04, SE = .22, t(590) = 1.33, p = .05\)). Compared to: The person-character player on a tablet, has a higher association and has not been found to significantly differ game induced stress compared to controls either (\(\beta_9 = -2.32, SE = .22, t(594) = 1.33, p = .01\)). The full multiple linear regression model shows a 95% confidence interval shown in RQ1 table below. F utility tests show a statistic of \(F (5, 590) = 25.23,p<.001\).

As mean bars identify an interesting distinction from cartoon to person for each respective condition (INC DATA PARAM ADD IN). This is better illustrated by a Mean plot where we’ve drawn lines to illustrate the direction of effect. Initial assessments lean in favor of higher cortisol stress levels in our control level of cartoon-characters compared to the person-characters.

A brief summary of our model’s predicted estimates, from each beta coefficient, and their respective significance. As well as the fitted model’s covariance and statistical significance.

Table 2: RQ1 - Regression Table for Total Stress Model
  dcortisol
Predictors Estimates CI p
Intercept 3.87 3.64 – 4.09 <0.001
AGQ z-score 7.30 7.19 – 7.40 <0.001
Machiavellianism z-score 0.25 0.14 – 0.37 <0.001
Narcissism z-score 0.00 -0.10 – 0.11 0.977
Psychopathy z-score 0.06 -0.04 – 0.15 0.263
Character - Person 4.28 3.95 – 4.61 <0.001
Condition - Console -3.33 -3.62 – -3.03 <0.001
Condition - Tablet -3.22 -3.52 – -2.92 <0.001
Character - Person : Condition - Console -2.04 -2.46 – -1.61 <0.001
Character - Person : Condition - Tablet -2.32 -2.74 – -1.90 <0.001
Observations 600
R2 / R2 adjusted 0.979 / 0.978

Figure 3: Interaction of Emmeans Pairs Aside from person tablet -person console and cartoon tablet - cartoon console, all other interaction estimates are significant effects.

RQ2 Results

Figure 4 and 5: Level of Character and Condition))

Non-immersive cartoon condtions with zero values for AGQ and SD3 was a small significant effect(\(\beta_0 = .60, SE = .09, t(592)=7.09, p<.001\)). Aggression questionnaire scores had high significant effects on a nonimmersive cartoon game’s induced stress to account for AGQ (\(\beta_1 = 7.30, SE = .05, t(592)= 139.96,p<.001\)). Machiavellian scores had low significant effects on a nonimmersive cartoon game’s induced stress(\(\beta_2 = .25, SE=.06 ,t(592)=4.44,p<.001\)). Narcissism scores had no significant effect on a nonimmersive cartoons game’s induced stress(\(\beta_3= 0, SE = .05, t(592)=-.063,p = .95\)).Psychopathy scores had a small effect determined to be insignificant to a non-immersive cartoon game’s induced stress(\(\beta_4 = .06,SE=.05,t(592)=1.19\)). After accounting for both AGQ and SD3 scores: Immersive playing condition as opposed to non-immersive styles had a high significant effect on a cartoon game’s induced stress(\(\beta_5= 3.27, SE=.13, t(592)=24.77, p<.001\)).A person-character as opposed to a cartoon-character had a small significant effect on non-immersive game’s induced stress(\(\beta_6=2.10,SE=.13,t(592)=16.18,p<.001\)).Interaction of a person-character and immersive game, as opposed to controls, was a higher and significant effect on total induced stress(\(\beta_7=2.18, SE= .19, t(592)=11.67\)).The full RQ2 multiple linear regression model shows a 95% confidence interval shown in the table below. F utility tests show a statistic of \(F (7, 592) = 3849, p < .001\) to identify our sample groupings by condition have equal variance. As well as 97.82% of total variance in the dataset is explained by this model.
Table 4: RQ2 - Regression Table for Total Stress Model
  dcortisol
Predictors Estimates CI p
Intercept 0.60 0.43 – 0.76 <0.001
AGQ z-score 7.30 7.19 – 7.40 <0.001
Machiavellianism z-score 0.25 0.14 – 0.37 <0.001
Narcissism z-score -0.00 -0.11 – 0.10 0.950
Psychopathy z-score 0.06 -0.04 – 0.16 0.235
Immersive 3.27 3.01 – 3.53 <0.001
Character - Person 2.10 1.85 – 2.36 <0.001
Immersive : Character - Person 2.18 1.81 – 2.54 <0.001
Observations 600
R2 / R2 adjusted 0.979 / 0.978

Figure 6: Interaction of Emmeans Pairs All interaction contrasts are significant, with the highest effect as Cartoon non-immersive - person Immersive

Discussion

Through analysing the data we found that, in general, participants who played as cartoon-characters had higher levels of cortisol which indicates higher levels of stress, than participants who played as person-characters.

We analysed the SD3 traits each of which we found to have low or small effects on the data. After accounting for the effects of these traits, The person-character player on a tablet, has a higher association than the cartoon-character on a console, both have not been found to significantly differ in game induced stress compared to controls. Further, upon separating the playing conditions into immersive and non-immersive, we found that interaction of a person-character and immersive game, as opposed to controls, had a higher and significant effect on total induced stress. This suggests that VR style immersive video games that include the participant playing as a real-life person significantly increase levels of stress, especially when compared to non-immersive games and cartoon-character playing conditions.

Assumptions & Diagnostics Appendix

Figure 7 and 8: Assumption Plots

## 
## FALSE  TRUE 
##   576    24
##   1  13  28  56  68  70  83 114 189 204 220 226 243 282 292 312 394 411 428 452 
##   1  13  28  56  68  70  83 114 189 204 220 226 243 282 292 312 394 411 428 452 
## 458 470 498 587 
## 458 470 498 587
PPT_Name M N P AGQ condition character dcortisol z_AGQ z_M z_N z_P isImmersive hats
Jason 1.70 2.29 2.26 151 console cartoon 17.8771813 2.1693046 -1.8050365 -0.9392374 0.3588713 Non-Immersive 0.0341922
Christopher 4.87 2.85 2.09 108 vr cartoon 7.8378127 0.5504674 3.1061006 -0.0109133 0.0710293 Immersive 0.0329736
Austin 2.85 2.04 3.74 54 vr cartoon -5.7238901 -1.4824910 -0.0233937 -1.3536677 2.8647902 Immersive 0.0328880
Raquel 2.63 2.87 2.52 176 tablet cartoon 24.7578068 3.1104891 -0.3642298 0.0222411 0.7991003 Non-Immersive 0.0328459
Mushtaaq 3.63 2.73 1.98 180 tablet cartoon 25.4600435 3.2610786 1.1850248 -0.2098399 -0.1152215 Non-Immersive 0.0320246
Tiahja 3.46 3.10 2.88 29 tablet cartoon -15.8395058 -2.4236754 0.9216516 0.4035170 1.4086481 Non-Immersive 0.0310892
Kyle 2.81 3.81 1.37 61 console cartoon -8.0154146 -1.2189593 -0.0853639 1.5804993 -1.1480664 Non-Immersive 0.0309604
Nicholas 4.09 3.41 1.08 86 console cartoon -0.5844447 -0.2777749 1.8976820 0.9174107 -1.6390911 Non-Immersive 0.0306153
Neulyn 2.85 1.73 3.58 64 console cartoon -7.5491787 -1.1060172 -0.0233937 -1.8675614 2.5938801 Non-Immersive 0.0305462
Jijo 1.80 2.49 3.22 89 tablet cartoon -0.9460408 -0.1648328 -1.6501111 -0.6076931 1.9843322 Non-Immersive 0.0302046
Abdul Baasid 2.02 3.66 2.30 143 vr cartoon 17.1313705 1.8681256 -1.3092751 1.3318411 0.4265988 Immersive 0.0293884
Tyanna 4.17 4.68 2.91 153 console cartoon 17.4039345 2.2445994 2.0216223 3.0227170 1.4594438 Non-Immersive 0.0293202
Megan 1.00 1.48 1.00 39 vr person -8.0475966 -2.0472017 -2.8895148 -2.2819918 -1.7745462 Immersive 0.0289598
Najlaa 3.11 4.29 3.53 109 vr cartoon 9.7182257 0.5881148 0.3794125 2.3762056 2.5092206 Immersive 0.0288746
Aaron 1.24 1.99 1.20 115 tablet person 7.7879763 0.8139991 -2.5176937 -1.4365538 -1.4359085 Non-Immersive 0.0277708
Berenice 1.71 2.33 2.08 51 tablet cartoon -10.5064493 -1.5954331 -1.7895440 -0.8729285 0.0540974 Non-Immersive 0.0277227
Umaira 2.54 1.06 2.58 71 tablet person -2.6379764 -0.8424856 -0.5036627 -2.9782348 0.9006916 Non-Immersive 0.0276014
Haley 3.88 3.96 2.28 61 console cartoon -8.7876198 -1.2189593 1.5723385 1.8291575 0.3927351 Non-Immersive 0.0273503
De Ying 2.49 1.37 2.72 44 console person -10.5961475 -1.8589648 -0.5811254 -2.4643411 1.1377380 Non-Immersive 0.0271923
Zachary 1.84 2.84 2.05 139 console person 12.7801516 1.7175361 -1.5881409 -0.0274905 0.0033017 Non-Immersive 0.0270238
Da Som 3.83 4.77 2.71 147 vr cartoon 18.0502968 2.0187151 1.4948758 3.1719119 1.1208061 Immersive 0.0269911
Austin 1.62 2.74 1.71 119 tablet cartoon 6.3072672 0.9645886 -1.9289769 -0.1932627 -0.5723824 Non-Immersive 0.0269651
Zachary Evan 2.78 4.41 1.74 103 tablet cartoon 2.6082109 0.3622305 -0.1318416 2.5751322 -0.5215867 Non-Immersive 0.0269467
Charles 3.55 2.48 1.07 129 vr cartoon 12.0911485 1.3410623 1.0610845 -0.6242703 -1.6560230 Immersive 0.0267437

Figure 9: Diagnostics

## 
## FALSE  TRUE 
##   569    31
##  16  34  41  83  86  87 131 155 183 212 220 255 272 293 294 328 359 365 374 385 
##  16  34  41  83  86  87 131 155 183 212 220 255 272 293 294 328 359 365 374 385 
## 394 411 427 431 445 461 465 499 501 536 598 
## 394 411 427 431 445 461 465 499 501 536 598
PPT_Name M N P AGQ condition character dcortisol z_AGQ z_M z_N z_P isImmersive cooksd
Kestral 3.53 3.49 3.13 82 tablet cartoon 1.323709 -0.4283644 1.0300994 1.0500284 1.8319453 Non-Immersive 0.0191580
Jose 3.72 3.68 1.85 110 console cartoon 9.298016 0.6257622 1.3244578 1.3649955 -0.3353360 Non-Immersive 0.0190085
Maariya 3.24 2.53 1.76 90 console cartoon -3.466568 -0.1271854 0.5808156 -0.5413842 -0.4877229 Non-Immersive 0.0138705
Scott 3.21 1.68 1.79 108 tablet person 4.484322 0.5504674 0.5343379 -1.9504475 -0.4369273 Non-Immersive 0.0131569
Fabian 3.13 3.67 1.59 130 vr person 15.623673 1.3787097 0.4103975 1.3484183 -0.7755650 Immersive 0.0122994
Jason 1.70 2.29 2.26 151 console cartoon 17.877181 2.1693046 -1.8050365 -0.9392374 0.3588713 Non-Immersive 0.0106546
Tarren 2.36 3.37 2.35 104 vr cartoon 3.966503 0.3998779 -0.7825285 0.8511018 0.5112583 Immersive 0.0100833
Angel 3.38 4.18 2.60 149 tablet cartoon 13.806211 2.0940099 0.7977112 2.1938562 0.9345554 Non-Immersive 0.0097940
Dante 3.07 2.74 1.47 108 console person 9.469335 0.5504674 0.3174423 -0.1932627 -0.9787476 Non-Immersive 0.0097631
Tyler 2.19 2.32 2.04 82 console cartoon -5.339205 -0.4283644 -1.0459018 -0.8895057 -0.0136302 Non-Immersive 0.0097518
Zachary 1.84 2.84 2.05 139 console person 12.780152 1.7175361 -1.5881409 -0.0274905 0.0033017 Non-Immersive 0.0094669
Brendan 3.04 4.01 1.67 81 vr cartoon 2.694880 -0.4660118 0.2709646 1.9120436 -0.6401099 Immersive 0.0094580
Christina 3.05 4.00 2.15 118 console person 7.289383 0.9269412 0.2864572 1.8954664 0.1726206 Non-Immersive 0.0091367
Barbara 2.42 1.55 1.84 98 vr cartoon 6.919700 0.1739936 -0.6895732 -2.1659513 -0.3522679 Immersive 0.0086378
Steven 2.53 3.20 3.29 103 tablet cartoon 1.101343 0.3622305 -0.5191552 0.5692892 2.1028554 Non-Immersive 0.0084573
Shanel 4.11 3.37 3.01 129 vr cartoon 16.541223 1.3410623 1.9286671 0.8511018 1.6287626 Immersive 0.0084422
Bailey 3.14 4.06 1.77 117 vr cartoon 12.772673 0.8892938 0.4258901 1.9949297 -0.4707911 Immersive 0.0084209
Bailee 2.99 1.53 1.86 98 tablet person 2.066526 0.1739936 0.1935019 -2.1991057 -0.3184041 Non-Immersive 0.0083295
Vanessa 2.43 3.45 2.23 71 console person -6.019956 -0.8424856 -0.6740807 0.9837196 0.3080756 Non-Immersive 0.0082347
Brenda 3.03 3.40 2.08 85 tablet cartoon -4.325848 -0.3154223 0.2554721 0.9008335 0.0540974 Non-Immersive 0.0079991
Terrance 2.50 3.42 2.02 98 vr person 11.777786 0.1739936 -0.5656329 0.9339879 -0.0474939 Immersive 0.0077026
Hector 2.58 2.94 2.45 90 console cartoon -2.944833 -0.1271854 -0.4416925 0.1382816 0.6805771 Non-Immersive 0.0076416
Makayla 3.02 2.33 1.99 96 tablet person 1.017953 0.0986989 0.2399795 -0.8729285 -0.0982896 Non-Immersive 0.0076226
Raquel 2.63 2.87 2.52 176 tablet cartoon 24.757807 3.1104891 -0.3642298 0.0222411 0.7991003 Non-Immersive 0.0074338
Charles 3.55 2.48 1.07 129 vr cartoon 12.091148 1.3410623 1.0610845 -0.6242703 -1.6560230 Immersive 0.0073468
Jesus 3.09 3.35 1.25 126 vr cartoon 14.993611 1.2281202 0.3484274 0.8179474 -1.3512490 Immersive 0.0072526
Tajrik 3.76 3.69 3.00 79 console cartoon -4.901844 -0.5413065 1.3864279 1.3815727 1.6118308 Non-Immersive 0.0071963
Caelynne 3.47 2.64 2.31 66 vr person -1.197725 -1.0307225 0.9371441 -0.3590348 0.4435307 Immersive 0.0070045
Trei 2.89 2.81 2.36 78 tablet cartoon -1.147207 -0.5789539 0.0385764 -0.0772222 0.5281901 Non-Immersive 0.0069255
Lauren 1.15 2.66 1.22 67 console person -3.573193 -0.9930751 -2.6571266 -0.3258804 -1.4020447 Non-Immersive 0.0068885
Randolph 1.70 2.89 2.47 49 console person -11.800432 -1.6707279 -1.8050365 0.0553955 0.7144409 Non-Immersive 0.0067977

Figure 10: Diagnostics

## 
## FALSE  TRUE 
##   588    12
##  28  56  83 220 292 411 428 452 458 470 498 587 
##  28  56  83 220 292 411 428 452 458 470 498 587
PPT_Name M N P AGQ condition character dcortisol z_AGQ z_M z_N z_P isImmersive hats
Christopher 4.87 2.85 2.09 108 vr cartoon 7.837813 0.5504674 3.1061006 -0.0109133 0.0710293 Immersive 0.0329411
Austin 2.85 2.04 3.74 54 vr cartoon -5.723890 -1.4824910 -0.0233937 -1.3536677 2.8647902 Immersive 0.0327208
Jason 1.70 2.29 2.26 151 console cartoon 17.877181 2.1693046 -1.8050365 -0.9392374 0.3588713 Non-Immersive 0.0302634
Abdul Baasid 2.02 3.66 2.30 143 vr cartoon 17.131370 1.8681256 -1.3092751 1.3318411 0.4265988 Immersive 0.0293159
Megan 1.00 1.48 1.00 39 vr person -8.047597 -2.0472017 -2.8895148 -2.2819918 -1.7745462 Immersive 0.0289445
Najlaa 3.11 4.29 3.53 109 vr cartoon 9.718226 0.5881148 0.3794125 2.3762056 2.5092206 Immersive 0.0288699
Da Som 3.83 4.77 2.71 147 vr cartoon 18.050297 2.0187151 1.4948758 3.1719119 1.1208061 Immersive 0.0269205
Raquel 2.63 2.87 2.52 176 tablet cartoon 24.757807 3.1104891 -0.3642298 0.0222411 0.7991003 Non-Immersive 0.0268764
Charles 3.55 2.48 1.07 129 vr cartoon 12.091148 1.3410623 1.0610845 -0.6242703 -1.6560230 Immersive 0.0267411
Mushtaaq 3.63 2.73 1.98 180 tablet cartoon 25.460044 3.2610786 1.1850248 -0.2098399 -0.1152215 Non-Immersive 0.0265298
Neulyn 2.85 1.73 3.58 64 console cartoon -7.549179 -1.1060172 -0.0233937 -1.8675614 2.5938801 Non-Immersive 0.0264076
Tiahja 3.46 3.10 2.88 29 tablet cartoon -15.839506 -2.4236754 0.9216516 0.4035170 1.4086481 Non-Immersive 0.0264036

Figure 11: Diagnostics

## 
## FALSE  TRUE 
##   564    36
##  16  34  41  53  83 131 183 212 220 272 293 328 365 374 385 394 411 419 426 427 
##  16  34  41  53  83 131 183 212 220 272 293 328 365 374 385 394 411 419 426 427 
## 431 436 438 445 459 461 465 474 490 499 501 536 550 569 577 598 
## 431 436 438 445 459 461 465 474 490 499 501 536 550 569 577 598
PPT_Name M N P AGQ condition character dcortisol z_AGQ z_M z_N z_P isImmersive cooksd
Kestral 3.53 3.49 3.13 82 tablet cartoon 1.323709 -0.4283644 1.0300994 1.0500284 1.8319453 Non-Immersive 0.0164003
Fabian 3.13 3.67 1.59 130 vr person 15.623673 1.3787097 0.4103975 1.3484183 -0.7755650 Immersive 0.0152127
Jose 3.72 3.68 1.85 110 console cartoon 9.298016 0.6257622 1.3244578 1.3649955 -0.3353360 Non-Immersive 0.0150933
Tarren 2.36 3.37 2.35 104 vr cartoon 3.966503 0.3998779 -0.7825285 0.8511018 0.5112583 Immersive 0.0125717
Scott 3.21 1.68 1.79 108 tablet person 4.484322 0.5504674 0.5343379 -1.9504475 -0.4369273 Non-Immersive 0.0124197
Jason 1.70 2.29 2.26 151 console cartoon 17.877181 2.1693046 -1.8050365 -0.9392374 0.3588713 Non-Immersive 0.0123850
Brendan 3.04 4.01 1.67 81 vr cartoon 2.694880 -0.4660118 0.2709646 1.9120436 -0.6401099 Immersive 0.0118988
Zachary 1.84 2.84 2.05 139 console person 12.780152 1.7175361 -1.5881409 -0.0274905 0.0033017 Non-Immersive 0.0107797
Maariya 3.24 2.53 1.76 90 console cartoon -3.466568 -0.1271854 0.5808156 -0.5413842 -0.4877229 Non-Immersive 0.0106901
Barbara 2.42 1.55 1.84 98 vr cartoon 6.919700 0.1739936 -0.6895732 -2.1659513 -0.3522679 Immersive 0.0106781
Bailey 3.14 4.06 1.77 117 vr cartoon 12.772673 0.8892938 0.4258901 1.9949297 -0.4707911 Immersive 0.0105927
Shanel 4.11 3.37 3.01 129 vr cartoon 16.541223 1.3410623 1.9286671 0.8511018 1.6287626 Immersive 0.0105359
Christina 3.05 4.00 2.15 118 console person 7.289383 0.9269412 0.2864572 1.8954664 0.1726206 Non-Immersive 0.0097818
Angel 3.38 4.18 2.60 149 tablet cartoon 13.806211 2.0940099 0.7977112 2.1938562 0.9345554 Non-Immersive 0.0097087
Terrance 2.50 3.42 2.02 98 vr person 11.777786 0.1739936 -0.5656329 0.9339879 -0.0474939 Immersive 0.0096629
Charles 3.55 2.48 1.07 129 vr cartoon 12.091148 1.3410623 1.0610845 -0.6242703 -1.6560230 Immersive 0.0091605
Jesus 3.09 3.35 1.25 126 vr cartoon 14.993611 1.2281202 0.3484274 0.8179474 -1.3512490 Immersive 0.0091232
Caelynne 3.47 2.64 2.31 66 vr person -1.197725 -1.0307225 0.9371441 -0.3590348 0.4435307 Immersive 0.0087902
Bradley 3.61 2.98 1.22 125 vr person 18.819680 1.1904728 1.1540398 0.2045905 -1.4020447 Immersive 0.0084966
Hanaan 2.53 3.49 2.78 94 vr cartoon 1.902746 0.0234041 -0.5191552 1.0500284 1.2393293 Immersive 0.0083508
Tyler 2.19 2.32 2.04 82 console cartoon -5.339205 -0.4283644 -1.0459018 -0.8895057 -0.0136302 Non-Immersive 0.0083180
Steven 2.53 3.20 3.29 103 tablet cartoon 1.101343 0.3622305 -0.5191552 0.5692892 2.1028554 Non-Immersive 0.0082385
Mariah 3.25 2.37 1.76 78 vr cartoon -2.258003 -0.5789539 0.5963081 -0.8066196 -0.4877229 Immersive 0.0079617
Neil 3.68 2.64 3.35 122 vr cartoon 10.372210 1.0775307 1.2624876 -0.3590348 2.2044467 Immersive 0.0078937
Vanessa 2.43 3.45 2.23 71 console person -6.019956 -0.8424856 -0.6740807 0.9837196 0.3080756 Non-Immersive 0.0078674
Gabrielle 3.36 2.06 2.60 98 vr cartoon 3.454361 0.1739936 0.7667261 -1.3205133 0.9345554 Immersive 0.0078132
Nikkole 2.89 2.37 1.00 106 vr person 13.449056 0.4751727 0.0385764 -0.8066196 -1.7745462 Immersive 0.0077689
Bailee 2.99 1.53 1.86 98 tablet person 2.066526 0.1739936 0.1935019 -2.1991057 -0.3184041 Non-Immersive 0.0076693
Jami 2.56 1.80 2.39 29 vr person -11.331324 -2.4236754 -0.4726776 -1.7515209 0.5789858 Immersive 0.0076637
Dante 3.07 2.74 1.47 108 console person 9.469335 0.5504674 0.3174423 -0.1932627 -0.9787476 Non-Immersive 0.0074872
Alan 2.33 2.77 1.41 113 vr cartoon 7.049705 0.7387043 -0.8290061 -0.1435311 -1.0803389 Immersive 0.0073692
Liam 3.68 3.67 2.78 53 tablet cartoon -11.890375 -1.5201384 1.2624876 1.3484183 1.2393293 Non-Immersive 0.0072383
Randolph 1.70 2.89 2.47 49 console person -11.800432 -1.6707279 -1.8050365 0.0553955 0.7144409 Non-Immersive 0.0072062
Solanus 3.73 3.01 1.75 99 vr cartoon 3.662059 0.2116410 1.3399503 0.2543221 -0.5046548 Immersive 0.0071901
Raquel 2.63 2.87 2.52 176 tablet cartoon 24.757807 3.1104891 -0.3642298 0.0222411 0.7991003 Non-Immersive 0.0070182
Yaasmeen 2.85 3.56 2.32 127 vr cartoon 11.031758 1.2657676 -0.0233937 1.1660689 0.4604626 Immersive 0.0067929

Figure 12: Diagnostics